Snarkives: The Fire

The Great Cat Massacre

Paris, 1730s. Apprentices. Starving. Their master's cats eating better than them. What happens next is exactly as unhinged as it sounds.
 
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Sources
Robert Darnton, "The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History" (Basic Books, 1984) - https://amzn.to/4dnaC7T 
Nicolas Contat, "Anecdotes typographiques" (Oxford Bibliographical Society edition, 1980)
Roger Chartier, "Texts, Symbols, and Frenchness," Journal of Modern History, Vol. 57, No. 4 (1985)
Dominick LaCapra, "Chartier, Darnton, and the Great Symbol Massacre," Journal of Modern History, Vol. 60, No. 1 (1988)
Harold Mah, "The Epistemology of the Sandwich," in Intellectual History and the Return of Literature (1991)

The Ear That Launched a War

A whole war. Fifty thousand dead. Six hundred ships lost. And it might have started with a jar containing a severed ear that may or may not have ever been shown to Parliament. This week I found the War of Jenkins' Ear and I cannot stop thinking about it.
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Sources
 
Robert Gaudi, The War of Jenkins' Ear: The Forgotten Struggle for North and South America, 1739-1742 (Pegasus Books, 2021) https://amzn.to/42ql3Bt 
J.K. Laughton, "Jenkins's Ear," English Historical Review 4 (1889): 741-749
Evan M. Graboyes and Timothy E. Hullar, "The War of Jenkins' Ear," Otology and Neurotology 34 (February 2013): 368-372
Philip Woodfine, Britannia's Glories: The Walpole Ministry and the 1739 War with Spain (Royal Historical Society/Boydell Press, 1998)
Jeremy Black, Walpole in Power (Sutton, 2001)
Pennsylvania Gazette (Benjamin Franklin), October 7, 1731
Treaty of Utrecht, 1713

The Drums of Tedworth Manor Mystery

In 1661, a magistrate in Wiltshire confiscated a vagrant drummer's drum. Then the drum started playing itself. For two years. This is the story of the haunting that terrified Restoration England, attracted a Royal Society fellow with a notebook, and left fingerprints on the Salem witch trials.
Snarkives Podcasts will always be free to listen.If you want to help keep the lights on, Moxie in treats, and me caffeinated enough to keep posting episodes, you can toss a few dollars in the tip jar:
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Sources
Michael Hunter, "New Light on the Drummer of Tedworth," Historical Research 78 (2005)
Joseph Glanvill, Saducismus Triumphatus (1681) — available via Internet Archive
Julie Davies, Science in an Enchanted World: Philosophy and Witchcraft in the Work of Joseph Glanvill (Routledge, 2022)
Cotton Mather, Wonders of the Invisible World (1693)
A.L. Beier, Masterless Men: The Vagrancy Problem in England 1560–1640 (Methuen, 1985)
Episode art: engraving from Glanvill, Saducismus Triumphatus (1681). Public domain.
 

The Bone Wars: Dinosaurs and Destruction

In the 1870s, two paleontologists set out to discover dinosaurs and ended up discovering new depths of human pettiness instead. Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh started as friends, became enemies over a fossil quarry in New Jersey, and spent the next thirty years dynamiting each other's dig sites, planting spies in each other's camps, and going to war in the newspapers. They both died broke. The dinosaurs, at least, were real.
 
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Sources
Mark Jaffe, The Gilded Dinosaur (Crown, 2000) https://amzn.to/4nKaK4V
Leonard Warren, Joseph Leidy: The Last Man Who Knew Everything (Yale University Press, 1998)
Jane P. Davidson, The Bone Sharp: The Life of Edward Drinker Cope (Academy of Natural Sciences, 1997)
Paul D. Brinkman, The Second Jurassic Dinosaur Rush (University of Chicago Press, 2010)
New York Herald, January 12 and 19, 1890 — "Scientists Wage Bitter Warfare"
Episode image: O.C. Marsh, Stegosaurus illustration, US Geological Survey, 1896. Public domain.

Bennington Triangle: Five Vanishings Explored Triangle: Five Vanishings Explored

Between 1945 and 1950, five people disappeared in the wilderness of southwestern Vermont near Glastenbury Mountain. A 74-year-old hunting guide who knew the area well. An 18-year-old college student in a red coat. A 68-year-old veteran on a bus. An eight-year-old boy. A 53-year-old hiker taking a shortcut to camp. None of them came back. In 1992, a writer named Joseph Citro called it the Bennington Triangle. The cases are still open.
 
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Sources
Joseph A. Citro, Passing Strange: True Tales of New England Hauntings and Horrors (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996).
Bennington Banner, November 1945; December 1946; October and November 1950.
Burlington Free Press, December 1949.
Ruth Franklin, Shirley Jackson: A Rather Haunted Life (New York: Liveright, 2016).
Tyler Resch, Glastenbury: The History of a Vermont Ghost Town (Charleston: History Press, 2009).
Sharon A. Hill, "Bennington Triangle Cases," Doubtful News, doubtfulnews.com.
Vermont State Police, institutional history and Welden case records, available at vtrooper.com.
 
 

Shajar al-Durr: Pearl-Tree of Power

In 1249, a crusader army marched on Cairo, the Sultan of Egypt died mid-invasion, and his widow decided nobody needed to know. Shajar al-Durr, purchased at a slave market, forged a dead man's signature, broke a crusade, captured a king of France, and put her own name on the coins of Egypt. The chroniclers who wrote her story all worked for the people who came after her. So she answered in architecture instead. This one has ships carried on camels, a constitutional argument built out of grief, and the most suspiciously perfect murder weapon in medieval history.
 
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Primary Sources
Ibn Wasil. Mufarrij al-Kurub fi Akhbar Bani Ayyub. Mid-13th century. Excerpts translated in Francesco Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades. Translated by E. J. Costello. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.
al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali. Kitab al-Suluk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Muluk. Early 15th century. Written approximately 150 years after the events described. Principal source for the account of Shajar al-Durr's death; used here as evidence of the later narrative tradition rather than as a contemporary record.
de Joinville, Jean. The Life of Saint Louis. c. 1309. Translated by Frank Marzials in Memoirs of the Crusades. London: Dent, Everyman's Library, 1908. Full text available via the Internet Archive. Modern translation: Caroline Smith, Joinville and Villehardouin: Chronicles of the Crusades. London: Penguin Classics, 2008.
al-Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Ismail. Sahih al-Bukhari. 9th century. The hadith on female rulership invoked against Shajar al-Durr, transmitted from Abu Bakra, appears in Book 88 (Afflictions and the End of the World), Hadith 219.
Secondary Sources
Ruggles, D. Fairchild. Tree of Pearls: The Extraordinary Architectural Patronage of the 13th-Century Egyptian Slave-Queen Shajar al-Durr. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
Humphreys, R. Stephen. From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1977.
Schregle, Gotz. Die Sultanin von Agypten: Sagarat ad-Durr in der arabischen Geschichtsschreibung und Literatur. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1961. In German. Cited via Ruggles.
Gabrieli, Francesco, ed. and trans. Arab Historians of the Crusades. Translated by E. J. Costello. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.

Olga of Kiev: Four Acts of Revenge

In 945, the Drevlians murdered Olga of Kiev's husband and sent ambassadors to propose she marry their prince instead. She buried the first delegation alive in their boats, burned the second in a bathhouse, massacred five thousand more at a funeral feast, and then burned the capital down using birds. She ruled as regent for fifteen years, outmaneuvered the Byzantine Emperor, converted to Christianity, and was eventually canonized as Equal to the Apostles. The monk who wrote her story needed her to be a monster first so the conversion would land. Whether he also accidentally preserved a record of a Viking widow's mortuary ritual for her slain husband is the actual historian fight.
 
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SOURCES AND RECEIPTS
 
Primary source
The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text, translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Medieval Academy of America, 1953). This is the foundational document. The Olga sections cover her accession, the revenge sequence, the Constantinople visit, and her death. Available via Internet Archive. Read it before you read anything else about her.
 
The historian fight
Heidi Sherman, 'Grand Princess Olga: Pagan Vengeance and Sainthood in Kievan Rus,' World History Connected 7.1 (February 2010). Free online. This is the source for the Scandinavian mortuary ritual argument and the hagiographic framing analysis. Sherman is the most useful single article for this episode and the one that opens up the real historical debate.
 
Broader context
George Vernadsky, Kievan Russia (Yale University Press, 1976). The most readable English-language history of the period. Covers Olga's reign and the political context for both the Drevlian conflict and the Constantinople visit. Cheap used.
 
Simon Franklin and Jonathan Shepard, The Emergence of Rus 750-1200 (Longman, 1996). More recent and more analytically rigorous than Vernadsky. Sherman cites it heavily. Useful for the economic and political background.
 
Byzantine corroboration
Leo the Deacon, The History of Leo the Deacon: Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century, translated and annotated by Alice-Mary Talbot and Denis F. Sullivan, Dumbarton Oaks Studies XLI (2005). This is the Byzantine source that independently corroborates Igor's death. Leo's account that Igor was tied to tree trunks and torn in two may be embellished, but it confirms that a violent death occurred and that it was notable enough for Byzantine chroniclers to record.
 
On the absence of English scholarship
There is no dedicated English-language scholarly monograph on Olga of Kiev. This is a genuine gap. The scholarship in Ukrainian and Russian is extensive. In English she remains in chapters and articles. Zofia Brzozowska's anthology of hagiographical sources (Studia Ceranea, 2015) exists in Polish and is not available in English translation. This is noted here because it is worth knowing, not as a complaint but as a fact about the state of the field.